Introduction
In CAS databases, certain abbreviations and acronyms are automatically generated for terms in the abstract text, the keyword phrases, and the text modifying phrases for index entries. Most of these abbreviations have been used prior to 1982. Users need to know these standard abbreviations and acronyms in order to be able to use them in search profiles and identify them in text.
In this document, automatically generated abbreviations and acronyms in CAS publications and services are arranged in two lists. To guide users to abbreviations they need to include in their search profiles, Listing A is arranged in the alphabetical order of the full terms which are abbreviated. Do not use periods when searching CAS abbreviations or acronyms online. To provide explanation of abbreviations encountered in text, Listing B is arranged in the alphabetical order of abbreviations and acronyms.
Examples and Lists included on this web page:
- Examples of some terms ending in "-ology" that are abbreviated "-ol."
- Examples of some terms ending in "-ography" that are abbreviated "-og."
- Abbreviations for some common prefixed terms
- Automatic retrieval of CAS abbreviations on STN
- SET ABB ON to retrieve CAS abbreviations
- Online help message
- Listing A (arranged in alphabetical order of the full terms which are abbreviated)--Standard Abbreviations and Acronyms
- Listing B (arranged in alphabetical order of abbreviations and acronyms)--Standard Abbreviations and Acronyms
- Characters and Symbols in Computer-Readable Files
- Conventions for Representing Greek Letters in Computer-Readable Files
- Conventions for Representing Symbols in Computer-Readable Files
In addition to the terms specifically listed as standard abbreviations and acronyms, abbreviations are automatically generated for the following types of words:
- Words formed by adding prefixes to terms normally abbreviated may also be abbreviated, e.g., "microchem." for "microchemical." In Listing A, words indicated by # on the left are those which, if prefixed, are generally abbreviated. (See, Abbreviations for some common prefixed terms)
- Words ending in "-ology" or "-ologic(al)(ly)" are abbreviated "-ol.," e.g., "geol." for "geology." (See examples)
- Words ending in "-ography" or "-ographic(al)(ly)" are abbreviated "-og.," E.g., "chromatog." For "chromatographic." (See examples)
- Plurals of noun abbreviations are formed by adding "s" to the singular abbreviation, e.g., "derivs." For "derivatives." Two exceptions are cases when a single abbreviation is designated to show both the singular and plural forms (e.g., "equil." For "equilibrium(s)" and words marked on the list with an asterisk (*) whose plurals are not abbreviated.
- Verb forms that require "s" are abbreviated by adding "s" to the listed abbreviation, e.g., "Compd. decomps. on heating" for "Compound decomposes on heating."
Standard abbreviations and acronyms are not automatically generated for terms appearing in titles. However, in titles abbreviations used by the author may appear.
In addition to the standard, automatically generated abbreviations and acronyms, other acronyms, atomic symbols (e.g., Cl, Sb), and molecular formulas (e.g., NaCl) may also be used in CAS publications and services.
Examples of some terms ending in "-ology" that are abbreviated "-ol."
anesthesiology limnology
bacteriology meteorology
biology methodology
cardiology morphology
chronology nephrology
cytology neurology
dermatology oncology
ecology ophthalmology
endocrinology pathology
enzymology petrology
epidemiology pharmacology
etiology physiology
gastroenterology radiology
geology rheology
gynecology sedimentology
hematology serology
histology technology
homology teratology
hydrology topology
immunology virology
Abbreviation "-ol." is also applied to the adjective form, e.g., "pharmacologic(al)," the adverb form, e.g., "pharmacologically" and prefixed forms, e.g., "neuropharmacology" of terms ending in "-ology."
Examples of some terms ending in "-ography" that are abbreviated "-og.":
angiography metallography bibliography micrography biography oceanography cardiography petrography cholecystography photography chromatography planography crystallography polarography derivatography radiography electroencephalography reprography electrography spectrography fractography thermography fragmentography tomography geography topography holography xerography lithography
Abbreviation "og." is also applied to the adjective form, e.g., "geographic(al)," the adverb form, e.g., "geographically," and prefixed forms, e.g., "paleogeography" of terms ending in "-ography."
Abbreviations for some common prefixed terms *
anal. (analysis) electroanal. immunoanal. microanal. radioanal. thermoanal. at. [atomic(al)(ly)] diat. interat. monoat. polyat. tetraat. triat. chem. [chemical(ly), chemistry] agrochem. biochem. cytochem. electrochem. geochem. histochem. immunochem. neurochem. petrochem. photochem. physicochem. radiochem. spectrochem. thermochem. clin. [clinic(al)(ly)] preclin. Subclin. cond. (conductivity) electrocond. magnetocond. photocond. semicond. supercond. thermocond. crystn. (crystallization) cocrystn. electrocrystn. recrystn. decompn. (decomposition) photodecompn. degrdn. (degradation) biodegrdn. photodegrdn. thermodegrdn. detn. (determination) immunodetn. microdetn. dissocn. (dissociation) photodissocn. predissocn. elec. [electric(al)(ly)] acoustoelec. bioelec. dielec. ferroelec. isoelec. paraelec. photodielec. photoelec. piezoelec. pyroelec. thermoelec. equil. (equilibrium) disequil. nonequil. preequil. extn. (extraction) coextn. electroextn. reextn. Hb (hemoglobin) cargonylHb carboxyHb deoxyHb ferriHb metHb oxyHb sulfHb irradn. (irradiation) postirradn. preirradn. mech. [mechanic(al)(ly)] biomech. electromech. micromech. photomech. physicomech. thermomech. mol. (molecule, molecular) bimol. intermol. intramol. macromol. monomol. supermol. supramol. turbomol. unimol. org. [organic(ally)] bioinorg. bioorg. chloroorg. electroorg. fluoroorg. inorg. metalloorg. microorg. oxidn. (oxidation) autoxidn. biooxidn. cooxidn. deoxidn. electrooxidn. epoxidn. peroxidn. photooxidn. reoxidn. thermooxidn. pptn. (precipitation) copptn. immunopptn. soly. (solubility) hydrosoly. insoly. liposoly. sym. [symmetry, symmetric(al)(ly)] asym. unsym.
* See "Standard Abbreviations and Acronyms," Listing A for a complete list of terms which, if prefixed, are generally abbreviated.
Automatic retrieval of CAS abbreviations on STN
In CAS bibliographic files on STN, e.g., CAplus or CA, you can retrieve CAS abbreviations automatically. Simply enter the commands SET ABB ON and SET PLURAL ON at an arrow prompt.
When you SET ABB ON, abbreviations are generated for all terms searched in the Basic Index, or in the specific fields that comprise the Basic Index. A separate posting line appears if any occurrences of an abbreviation are found. When you SET PLURAL ON, you also automatically retrieve plural abbreviations.
The default for SET ABB is OFF. To include abbreviations for all SEARCH and QUERY commands in your session, enter SET ABB ON at an arrow prompt. To retain the ON setting beyond the current session, enter SET ABB ON PERM.
Not all CAS standard abbreviations are available with SET ABB. CAS abbreviations for most units and multiword terms have been removed to keep false drops and irrelevant retrievals to a minimum. To see a list of terms for which abbreviations will be added, enter HELP ABB at an arrow prompt (=>) in the file. For more information on this SET command, enter HELP SET ABB at an arrow prompt.
SET ABB ON to retrieve CAS abbreviations
=> SET ABB ON PERM SET COMMAND COMPLETED
=> SET PLURAL ON PERM SET COMMAND COMPLETED
=> S PRECIPITAT? 35280 PRECIPITAT?
75559 PPT
30694 PPTS
98131 PPT
(PPT OR PPTS) 59648 PPTD
2 PPTDS
59648 PPTD
(PPTD OR PPTDS)
13101 PPTG
131576 PPTN 1980 PPTNS
132847 PPTN
(PPTN OR PPTNS)
L1 258048 PRECIPITAT? PRECIPITAT? OR PPT OR PPTD OR PPTG OR PPTN)
Online help message
=> FILE CAPLUS => HELP ABB When you SET ABBREVIATONS ON, abbreviations are automatically generated for the terms in the following list when the term or a truncated stem that would encompass a listed term is searched in the Basic Index, or in the specific fields that comprise the Basic Index. Examples: => SET ABB ON SET COMMAND COMPLETED => S CONCENTRAT? 149313 CONCENTRAT? 50824 CONC 115142 CONCD 9541 CONCG 1035004 CONCN L2 1221846 CONCENTRAT? (CONCENTRAT? OR CONC OR CONCD OR CONCG OR CONCN) For more information on this SET option, enter HELP SET ABB at an arrow prompt (=>). For a list of fields in the Basic Index, enter HELP SFIELDS at an arrow prompt in this file. ABSOLUTE DILUTED PRECIPITATE ABSTRACT DILUTING PRECIPITATED ADDITION DILUTION PRECIPITATING ADDITIONAL DIMETHYLFORMAMIDE PRECIPITATION ADDITIONALLY DISSOCIATE PREPARATION ADRENOCORTICOTROPIN DISSOCIATED PREPARE ALCOHOL DISSOCIATING PREPARED ALCOHOLIC DISSOCIATION PREPARING ALIPHATIC DISTILLATION PRODUCTION ALKALINE DISTILLED PROPYL ALKALINITY DISTILLING PURIFICATION DECOMPOSING ORGANIC FLAVIN ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE DECOMPOSITION OXIDATION FLAVIN MONONUCLEOTIDE DEGRADATION PHENYL INHIBITORY DOSE DEOXYRIBONUCLEASE PHYSICAL LETHAL DOSE DERIVATIVE PHYSICALLY LUTEINIZING HORMONE DETERMINATION POLYMERIZATION NICOTINAMIDE MONONUCLEOTIDE DETERMINE POLYMERIZED NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE DETERMINED POLYMERIZING NUCLEAR QUADRUPOLE RESONANCE DETERMINING POSITIVE RIBONUCLEIC ACID DIAMETER POSITIVELY SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY DILUTE POWDERED UV PHOTOELECTRON
Listing A
absolute abs. abstract abstr. #addition addn. additional(ly) addnl. adenosine 5'-diphosphate ADP adenosine 5'-monophosphate AMP adenosine triphosphatase ATPase adenosine 5'-triphosphate ATP adrenocorticotropin ACTH #alcohol(ic) alc. #aliphatic aliph. alkaline alk. alkalinity* alky. all valence electron AVE alternating current a.c. amount amt. ampere (unit) A #analysis* anal. #analytical(y) anal. angstrom unit ** anhydrous anhyd. apparatus app. approximate(ly) approx. approximation approxn. #aqueous aq. #aromatic arom. associate assoc. associated assocd. associating assocg. #association assocn. asymmetric(al)(ly) asym. atmosphere (unit) atm. atmospheric atm. #atomic at. atomic mass unit amu atomic orbital AO augmented plane wave APW average av. Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer BCS barrel (unit) bbl becquerel (unit) Bq billion electron volts (unit) GeV biochemical oxygen demand BOD body centered cubic bcc. Bohr magneton (unit) mB** boiling point b.p. British thermal unit Btu bushel (unit) bu butyl (normal) Bu #calculate calc. #calculated calcd. #calculating calcg. #calcul calcn. calorie (unit) cal carboxymethyl cellulose CM- cellulose #chemical(ly) chem. chemical oxygen demand COD chemically pure CP #chemistry chem. circular dichroism CD #clinical(ly) clin. coefficient coeff. #coenzyme A CoA coherent potential approximation CPA commercial(ly) com. complete neglect of differential overlap CNDO composition compn. compound compd. concanavalin A ConA #concentrate conc. #concentrated concd. #concentrating concg. #concentration concn. #conductivity* cond. configuration interaction CI constant const. containing contg. corrected cor. coulomb (unit) C coupled electron pair approximation CEPA #critical crit. #crystalline cryst. crystallisation crystn crystallised crystd crystallising crystg #crystallization crystn. #crystallized crystd. #crystallizing crystg. cubic feet per minute (unit) cfm curie (unit) Ci current density c.d. cyclic AMP cAMP cyclic GMP cGMP cytidine 5'-diphosphate CDP cytidine 5'-monophosphate CMP cytidine 5'-triphosphate CTP debye unit D decompose decomp. decomposed decompd. decomposing decompg. #decomposition decompn. #degradation degrdn. degree Celsius centigrade (unit) C** degree Fahrenheit (unit) F** degree Kelvin K degree of polymerization d.p. density d. deoxyribonuclease DNase deoxyribonucleic acid DNA derivative deriv. #determination detn. determine det. #determined detd. determining detg. diameter diam. diatomics-in-molecules DIM diethylaminoethyl cellulose DEAE-cellulose ifferential thermal analysis DTA dilute dil. diluted dild. diluting dilg. dilution diln. dimethylformamide DMF diphosphopyridine nucleotide NAD direct current d.c. disintegrations per minute (unit) dpm dissociate dissoc. dissociated dissocd. dissociating dissocg. #dissociation dissocn. #distillation distn. #distilled distd. #distilling distg. effective dose ED #electric(al)(ly) elec. electrocardiogram ECG electroencephalogram EEG electromagnetic unit emu electromotive force emf. electron paramagnetic resonance ESR electron spin resonance ESR electron volt (unit) eV electrostatic unit esu enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay ELISA #equilibrium(s) equil. equivalent (unit) equiv. #equivalent equiv. especially esp. estimate est. estimated estd. estimating estg. estimation estn. ethyl Et ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid EDTA evaporate evap. evaporated evapd. evaporating evapg. evaporation evapn. #examination examn. #examined examd. #examining examg. experiment expt. experimental(ly) exptl. extended Hueckel molecular orbital EHMO extract ext. extracted extd. extracting extg. #extraction extn. face centered cubic fcc. farad (unit) F fermentation fermn. flavin adenine dinucleotide FAD flavin mononucleotide FMN floating spherical Gaussian orbital FSGO foot (unit) ft foot-pound (unit) ft-lb follicle-stimulating hormone FSH freezing point f.p. gallon (unit) gal gauss (unit) G Gaussian-type orbital GTO gram (unit) g gravitational constant g gray (absorbed radiation dose) (unit) Gy 5'-monophosphate GMP guanosine 5'-triphosphate GTP hectare ha henry H #hemoglobin Hb hertz (cycles/sec) (unit) Hz hexagonal close-packed hcp. highest occupied molecular orbital HOMO hour (unit) h Hueckel molecular orbital HMO hundredweight (unit) cwt hydrogenic atoms in molecules HAM immunoglobulin Ig inch (unit) in. independent electron pair approximation IEPA infrared IR inhibitory dose ID inosine 5'-diphosphate IDP inosine 5'-monophosphate IMP inosine 5'-triphosphate ITP intermediate neglect of differential overlap INDO international unit IU interstitial cell-stimulating hormone ICSH intramuscular(ly) i.m. intraperitoneal(ly) i.p. intravenous(ly) i.v. #irradiation irradn. iterative extended Hueckel molecular orbital IEHMO joule (unit) J kelvin (unit) K laboratory lab. lethal dose LD linear combination of atomic orbitals LCAO linear combination of fragment configuration LCFC liquid liq. liter (unit) L low energy electron diffraction LEED lowest unoccupied molecular orbital LUMO lumen (unit) lm luteinizing hormone LH lux (unit) lx magnetohydrodynamics MHD manufacture manuf. manufactured manufd. manufacturing manufg. mathematical(ly) math. maximum(s) max. maxwell (unit) Mx #mechanical(ly) mech. melanocyte-stimulating hormone MSH melting at m. melting point m.p. melts at m. messenger RNA mRNA metabolism metab. meter (unit) m methyl Me mile (unit) mi miles per hour (unit) mph minimum(s) min. minute (unit) min miscellaneous misc. #mixture mixt. modified neglect of diatomic overlap MNDO molal (unit) m molar (unit) M mole (unit) mol #molecular mol. molecular orbital MO #molecule mol. molecules-in-molecules MIM month (unit) mo. multiconfigurational self-consistent field MC-SCF #negative(ly) neg. neglect of diatomic differential overlap NDDO neglect of nonbonded differential overlap NNDO nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide NAD nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate NADP nicotinamide mononucleotide NMN nuclear magnetic resonance NMR nuclear quadrupole resonance NQR number no. observed obsd. oersted (unit) Oe ohm (unit) O ** optical rotatory dispersion ORD #organic org. ounce (unit) oz #oxidation oxidn. Pariser-Parr-Pople PPP partial neglect of differential overlap PNDO parts per billion (unit) ppb parts per million (unit) ppm pascal (unit) Pa perturbational molecular orbital PMO phenyl Ph #physical(ly) phys. pint (unit) pt poise (unit) P polymerisation polymn polymerised polymd polymerising polymg #polymerization polymn. #polymerized polymd. #polymerizing polymg. #positive(ly) pos. potential difference p.d. pound (unit) lb pounds per square inch (unit) psi pounds per square inch absolute (unit) psia pounds per square inch gage (unit) psig #powdered powd. #precipitate ppt. #precipitated pptd. #precipitating pptg. #precipitation pptn. preparation prepn. prepare prep. prepared prepd. preparing prepg. #production prodn. propyl (normal) Pr #purification purifn. qualitative(ly) qual. #quantitative(ly) quant. quart (unit) qt radioimmunoassay RIA random phase approximation RPA #reduction redn. reference ref. reflection high energy electron diffraction RHEED reproduction reprodn. resolution resoln. #respective(ly) resp. respiratory quotient RQ restricted Hartree-Fock RHF revolutions per minute (unit) rpm ribonuclease RNase ribonucleic acid RNA ribosomal RNA rRNA roentgen (unit) R roentgen equivalent man (unit) rem roentgen equivalent physical (unit) rep saponification sapon. saponified sapond. saponifying sapong. saturate sat. #saturated satd. saturated calomel electrode SCE saturating satg. #saturation satn. scanning electron microscopy SEM second (unit) s self-consistent field SCF separate(ly) sep. separated sepd. separating sepg. separation sepn. siemens (unit) S Slater-type orbital STO #solubility* soly. #soluble sol. #solution soln. specific gravity sp. gr. specific volume sp. vol. specific weight sp. wt. standard std. steradian (unit) sr stokes (unit) St subcutaneous(ly) s.c. #symmetric(al)(ly) sym. tablespoon (unit) tbs teaspoon (unit) tsp #technical(ly) tech. temperature temp. tesla (unit) T tetrahydrofuran THF theoretical(ly) theor. thermodynamic(s) thermodn. thyroid-stimulating hormone TSH titration titrn. triethylaminoethyl cellulose TEAE-cellulose triphosphopyridine nucleotide NADP ultraviolet UV United States Pharmacopeia USP unrestricted Hartree-Fock UHF uridine 5'-diphosphate UDP uridine 5'-monophosphate UMP uridine 5'-triphosphate UTS UV photoelectron spectroscopy UPS volt (unit) V volume vol. watt (unit) W weber (unit) Wb week (unit) wk weight wt. x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy XPS yard (unit) yd year (unit) yr zero differential overlap ZDO
* Terms whose plurals are not automatically abbreviated by adding "s."
# If prefixed, these words are generally abbreviated. For examples, see the list of "Abbreviations for some common prefixed terms" which precedes Listing A.
** For representation in computer-readable files see "Listing of Characters and Symbols in Computer-Readable Files."
Listing B
|
A |
ampere (unit) |
|
angstrom (unit) |
|
|
abs. |
absolute |
|
abstr. |
abstract |
|
a.c. |
alternating current |
|
ACTH |
adrenocorticotropin |
|
addn. |
addition |
|
addnl. |
additional(ly) |
|
ADP |
adenosine 5'-diphosphate |
|
alc. |
alcohol(ic) |
|
aliph. |
aliphatic |
|
alk. |
alkaline |
|
alky. |
alkalinity |
|
AMP |
adenosine 5'-monophosphate |
|
amt. |
amount |
|
amu |
atomic mass unit |
|
anal. |
analysis, analytical(ly) |
|
anhyd. |
anhydrous |
|
AO |
atomic orbital |
|
app. |
apparatus |
|
approx. |
approximate(ly) |
|
approxn. |
approximation |
|
APW |
augmented plane wave |
|
aq. |
aqueous |
|
arom. |
aromatic |
|
assoc. |
associate |
|
assocd. |
associated |
|
assocg. |
associating |
|
assocn. |
association |
|
asym. |
asymmetric(al)(ly) |
|
at. |
atomic |
|
atm |
atmosphere (unit) |
|
atm. |
atmospheric |
|
ATP |
adenosine 5'-triphosphate |
|
ATPase |
adenosine triphosphatase |
|
av. |
average |
|
AVE |
all valence electron |
|
bbl |
barrel (unit) |
|
bcc. |
body centered cubic |
|
BCS |
bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer |
|
BOD |
biochemical oxygen demand |
|
b.p. |
boiling point |
|
Bq |
becquerel (unit) |
|
Btu |
British thermal unit |
|
Bu |
butyl (normal) |
|
bu |
bushel (unit) |
|
mB |
Bohr magneton (unit) |
|
C |
coulomb (unit) |
|
C |
degree Celsius (centigrade) (unit) |
|
cal |
calorie (unit) |
|
calc. |
calculate |
|
calcd. |
calculated |
|
calcg. |
calculating |
|
calcn. |
calculation |
|
cAMP |
cyclic AMP |
|
c.d. |
current density |
|
CD |
circular dichroism |
|
CDP |
cytidine 5'-diphosphate |
|
CEPA |
coupled electron pair approximation |
|
cfm |
cubic feet per minute (unit) |
|
cGMP |
cyclic GMP |
|
chem. |
chemical(ly), chemistry |
|
CI |
configuration interaction |
|
Ci |
curie (unit) |
|
clin. |
clinical(ly) |
|
CM-cellulose |
carboxymethyl cellulose |
|
CMP |
cytidine 5'-monophosphate |
|
CNDO |
complete neglect of differential overlap |
|
CoA |
coenzyme A |
|
COD |
chemical oxygen demand |
|
coeff. |
coefficient |
|
com. |
commercial(ly) |
|
compd. |
compound |
|
compn. |
composition |
|
ConA |
concanavalin A |
|
conc. |
concentrate |
|
concd. |
concentrated |
|
concg. |
concentrating |
|
concn. |
concentration |
|
cond. |
conductivity |
|
const. |
constant |
|
contg. |
containing |
|
cor. |
corrected |
|
CP |
chemically pure |
|
CPA |
coherent potential approximation |
|
crit. |
critical |
|
cryst. |
crystalline |
|
crystd |
crystallised |
|
crystg |
crystallising |
|
crystn |
crystallisation |
|
crystd. |
crystallized |
|
crystg. |
crystallizing |
|
crystn. |
crystallization |
|
CTP |
cytidine 5'-triphosphate |
|
cwt |
hundred weight (unit) |
|
D |
debye unit |
|
d. |
density |
|
d.c. |
direct current |
|
DEAE-cellulose |
diethylaminoethyl cellulose |
|
decomp. |
decompose |
|
decompd. |
decomposed |
|
decompg. |
decomposing |
|
decompn. |
decomposition |
|
degrdn. |
degradation |
|
deriv. |
derivative |
|
det. |
determine |
|
detd. |
determined |
|
detg. |
determining |
|
detn. |
determination |
|
diam. |
diameter |
|
dil. |
dilute |
|
dild. |
diluted |
|
dilg. |
diluting |
|
diln. |
dilution |
|
DIM |
diatomics-in-molecules |
|
dissoc. |
dissociate |
|
dissocd. |
dissociated |
|
dissocg. |
dissociating |
|
dissocn. |
dissociation |
|
distd. |
distilled |
|
distg. |
distilling |
|
distn. |
distillation |
|
DMF |
dimethylformamide |
|
DMSO |
dimethyl sulfoxide |
|
DNA |
deoxyribonucleic acid |
|
DNase |
deoxyribonuclease |
|
d.p. |
degree of polymerization |
|
dpm |
disintegrations per minute (unit) |
|
DTA |
differential thermal analysis |
|
ECG |
electrocardiogram |
|
ED |
effective dose |
|
EDTA |
ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid |
|
EEG |
electroencephalogram |
|
EHMO |
extended Hueckel molecular orbital |
|
elec. |
electric(al)(ly) |
|
ELISA |
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay |
|
emf. |
electromotive force |
|
emu |
electromagnetic unit |
|
equil. |
equilibrium |
|
equiv |
equivalent (unit) |
|
equiv. |
equivalent |
|
esp. |
especially |
|
ESR |
electron spin resonance, electron paramagnetic resonance |
|
est. |
estimate |
|
estd. |
estimated |
|
estg. |
estimating |
|
estn. |
estimation |
|
esu |
electrostatic unit |
|
Et |
ethyl |
|
eV |
electron volt (unit) |
|
evap. |
evaporate |
|
evapd. |
evaporated |
|
evapg. |
evaporating |
|
evapn. |
evaporation |
|
examd. |
examined |
|
examg. |
examining |
|
examn. |
examination |
|
expt. |
experiment |
|
exptl. |
experimental(ly) |
|
ext. |
extract |
|
extd. |
extracted |
|
extg. |
extracting |
|
extn. |
extraction |
|
F |
farad |
|
F |
degree Fahrenheit (unit) |
|
FAD |
flavin adenine dinucleotide |
|
fcc. |
face centered cubic |
|
fermn. |
fermentation |
|
FMN |
flavin mononucleotide |
|
f.p. |
freezing point |
|
FSGO |
floating spherical Gaussian orbital |
|
FSH |
follicle-stimulating hormone |
|
ft |
foot (unit) |
|
ft-lb |
foot-pound (unit) |
|
g |
gram (unit) |
|
g |
gravitational constant |
|
G |
gauss (unit) |
|
gal |
gallon (unit) |
|
GDP |
guanosine 5'-diphosphate |
|
GeV |
billion electron volts (unit) |
|
GMP |
guanosine 5'-monophosphate |
|
GTO |
Gaussian-type orbital |
|
GTP |
guanosine 5'-triphosphate |
|
Gy |
gray (absorbed radiation dose) (unit) |
|
h |
hour (unit) |
|
H |
henry (unit) |
|
ha |
hectare (unit) |
|
HAM |
hydrogenic atoms in molecules |
|
Hb |
hemoglobin |
|
hcp |
hexagonal close-packed |
|
HMO |
Hueckel molecular orbital |
|
HOMO |
highest occupied molecular orbital |
|
Hz |
hertz (cycles/sec) (unit) |
|
ICSH |
interstitial cell-stimulating hormone |
|
ID |
inhibitory dose |
|
IDP |
inosine 5'-diphosphate |
|
IEHMO |
iterative extended Hueckel molecular orbital |
|
IEPA |
independent electron pair approximation |
|
Ig |
immunoglobulin |
|
i.m. |
intramuscular(ly) |
|
IMP |
inosine 5'-monophosphate |
|
in. |
inch (unit) |
|
INDO |
intermediate neglect of differential overlap |
|
i.p. |
intraperitoneal(ly) |
|
IR |
infrared |
|
irradn. |
irradiation |
|
ITP |
inosine 5'-triphosphate |
|
IU |
international unit |
|
i.v. |
intravenous(ly) |
|
J |
joule (unit) |
|
K |
kelvin (unit) |
|
L |
liter (unit) |
|
lab. |
laboratory |
|
lb |
pound (unit) |
|
LCAO |
linear combination of atomic orbitals |
|
LCFC |
linear combination of fragment configuration |
|
LD |
lethal dose |
|
LEED |
low energy electron diffraction |
|
LH |
luteinizing hormone |
|
liq. |
liquid |
|
lm |
lumen (unit) |
|
LUMO |
lowest unoccupied molecular orbital |
|
lx |
lux (unit) |
|
m |
meter (unit) |
|
m |
olal (unit) |
|
M |
molar (unit) |
|
m. |
melts at, melting at |
|
manuf. |
manufacture |
|
manufd. |
manufactured |
|
manufg. |
manufacturing |
|
math. |
mathematical(ly) |
|
max. |
maximum |
|
MC-SCF |
multiconfigurational self-consistent field |
|
Me |
methyl (not metal) |
|
mech. |
mechanical(ly) (not mechanism) |
|
metab. |
metabolism |
|
MHD |
magnetohydrodynamics |
|
mi |
mile (unit) |
|
MIM |
molecules-in-molecules |
|
min |
minute (unit) |
|
min. |
minimum(s) |
|
misc. |
miscellaneous |
|
mixt. |
mixture |
|
MNDO |
modified neglect of diatomic overlap |
|
mo |
month (unit) |
|
MO |
molecular orbital |
|
mol |
mole (unit) |
|
mol. |
molecule, molecular |
|
m.p. |
melting point |
|
mph |
miles per hour (unit) |
|
mRNA |
messenger RNA |
|
MSH |
melanocyte-stimulating hormone |
|
Mx |
maxwell (unit) |
|
NAD |
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide |
|
NADP |
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate |
|
NDDO |
neglect of diatomic differential overlap |
|
neg. |
negative(ly) |
|
NMN |
nicotinamide mononucleotide |
|
NMR |
nuclear magnetic resonance |
|
NNDO |
neglect of nonbonded differential overlap |
|
no. |
number |
|
NQR |
nuclear quadruple resonance |
|
obsd. |
observed |
|
Oe |
oersted (unit) |
|
O |
ohm (unit) |
|
ORD |
optical rotatory dispersion |
|
org. |
organic |
|
oxidn. |
oxidation |
|
oz |
ounce |
|
P |
poise (unit) |
|
Pa |
pascal (unit) |
|
p.d. |
potential difference |
|
Ph |
phenyl |
|
phys. |
physical(ly) |
|
PMO |
perturbational molecular orbital |
|
PNDO |
partial neglect of differential overlap |
|
polymd |
polymerised |
|
polymg |
polymerising |
|
polymn |
polymerisation |
|
polymd. |
polymerized |
|
polymg. |
polymerizing |
|
polymn. |
polymerization |
|
pos. |
positive(ly) |
|
powd. |
powdered |
|
ppb |
parts per billion (unit) |
|
ppm |
parts per million (unit) |
|
PPP |
Pariser-Parr-Pople |
|
ppt. |
precipitate |
|
pptd. |
precipitated |
|
pptg. |
precipitating |
|
pptn. |
precipitation |
|
Pr |
propyl (normal) |
|
prep. |
prepare |
|
prepd. |
prepared |
|
prepg. |
preparing |
|
prepn. |
preparation |
|
prodn. |
production |
|
psi |
pounds per square inch (unit) |
|
psia |
pounds per square inch absolute (unit) |
|
psig |
pounds per square inch gage (unit) |
|
pt |
pint (unit) |
|
purifn. |
purification |
|
qt |
quart (unit) |
|
qual. |
Qualitative(ly) |
|
quant. |
quantitative(ly) |
|
R |
roentgen (unit) |
|
redn. |
reduction |
|
ref. |
reference |
|
rem |
roentgen equivalent man (unit) |
|
rep |
roentgen equivalent physical (unit) |
|
reprodn. |
reproduction |
|
resoln. |
resolution |
|
resp. |
respective(ly) |
|
RHEED |
reflection high energy electron diffraction |
|
RHF |
restricted Hartree-Fock |
|
RNA |
ribonucleic acid |
|
RNase |
ribonuclease |
|
RPA |
random phase approximation |
|
rRNA |
ribosomal RNA |
|
rpm |
revolutions per minute (unit) |
|
RQ |
respiratory quotient |
|
s |
second (unit) |
|
S |
siemens (unit) |
|
sapon. |
saponification |
|
sapond. |
saponified |
|
sapong. |
saponifying |
|
sat. |
saturate |
|
satd. |
saturated |
|
satg. |
saturating |
|
satn. |
saturation |
|
s.c. |
subcutaneous(ly) |
|
SCE |
saturated calomel electrode |
|
SCF |
self-consistent field |
|
SEM |
scanning electron microscopy |
|
sep. |
separate(ly) |
|
sepd. |
separated |
|
sepg. |
separating |
|
sepn. |
separation |
|
sol. |
soluble |
|
soln. |
solution |
|
soly. |
solubility |
|
sp. |
gr. specific gravity |
|
sp. |
vol. specific volume |
|
sp. |
wt. specific weight |
|
sr |
steradian (unit) |
|
St |
stokes (unit) |
|
std. |
standard |
|
STO |
Slater-type orbital |
|
sym. |
symmetric(al)(ly) |
|
T |
tesla (unit) |
|
tbs |
tablespoon (unit) |
|
TEAE-cellulose |
triethylaminoethyl cellulose |
|
tech. |
technical(ly) |
|
temp. |
temperature |
|
theor. |
theoretical(ly) |
|
thermodn. |
thermodynamic(s) |
|
THF |
tetrahydrofuran |
|
titrn. |
titration |
|
TSH |
thyroid-stimulating hormone |
|
tsp |
teaspoon (unit) |
|
UDP |
uridine 5'-diphosphate |
|
UHF |
unrestricted Hartree-Fock |
|
UMP |
uridine 5'-monophosphate |
|
UPS |
UV photoelectron spectroscopy |
|
USP |
United States Pharmacopeia |
|
UTP |
uridine 5'-triphosphate |
|
UV |
ultraviolet |
|
V |
volt (unit) |
|
vol. |
volume |
|
W |
watt (unit) |
|
Wb |
weber (unit) |
|
wk |
week (unit) |
|
wt. |
weight |
|
XPS |
x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy |
|
yd |
yard (unit) |
|
yr |
year (unit) |
|
ZDO |
zero differential overlap |
Characters and Symbols in Computer-Readable Files
In computer-readable files all characters of the Roman alphabet and numbers are represented in the same way as in CAS publications. However, no distinctions are made for italic, boldface, or small capital letters. Also, superscripts and subscripts appear on the line.
Special conventions are used to represent some characters and symbols in computer-readable files. These conventions are shown in the following lists. Some of these characters and symbols can be searched in computer-readable files. For search terms, representations without the periods are used.
Conventions for Representing Greek Letters in Computer-Readable Files
|
Symbol |
CAS Representation |
Description |
|
A |
.ALPHA. |
Alpha |
|
B |
.BETA. |
Beta |
|
Γ |
.GAMMA. |
Gamma |
|
Δ |
.DELTA. |
Delta |
|
E |
.EPSILON. |
Epsilon |
|
Z |
.ZETA. |
Zeta |
|
H |
.ETA. |
Eta |
|
Θ |
.THETA. |
Theta |
|
I |
.IOTA. |
Iota |
|
K |
.KAPPA. |
Kappa |
|
Λ |
.LAMBDA. |
Lambda |
|
M |
.MU. |
Mu |
|
N |
.NU. |
Nu |
|
Ξ |
.XI. |
Xi |
|
Ο |
.OMICRON. |
Omicron |
|
Π |
.PI. |
Pi |
|
P |
.RHO. |
Rho |
|
Σ |
.SIGMA. |
Sigma |
|
T |
.TAU. |
Tau |
|
Y |
.UPSILON. |
Upsilon |
|
Φ |
.PHI. |
Phi |
|
X |
.CHI. |
Chi |
|
Ψ |
.PSI. |
Psi |
|
Ω |
.OMEGA. |
Omega |
|
α |
.alpha. |
Alpha |
|
β |
.beta. |
Beta |
|
γ |
.gamma. |
Gamma |
|
δ |
.delta. |
Delta |
|
∂ |
.vdelta. |
Delta (variant) |
|
ε |
.epsilon. |
Epsilon |
|
ϵ |
.vepsiln. |
Epsilon (variant) |
|
ζ |
.zeta. |
Zeta |
|
η |
.eta. |
Eta |
|
θ |
.theta. |
Theta |
|
ϑ |
.vtheta. |
Theta (variant) |
|
ι |
.iota. |
Iota |
|
κ |
.kappa. |
Kappa |
|
𝛞 |
.vkappa. |
Kappa (variant) |
|
λ |
.lambda. |
Lambda |
|
μ |
.mu. |
Mu |
|
ν |
.nu. |
Nu |
|
ξ |
.xi. |
Xi |
|
ο |
.omicron. |
Omicron |
|
π |
.pi. |
Pi |
|
ϖ |
.vpi. |
Pi (variant) |
|
ρ |
.rho. |
Rho |
|
σ |
.sigma. |
Sigma |
|
ς |
.vsigma. |
Sigma (variant) |
|
τ |
.tau. |
Tau |
|
υ |
.upsilon. |
Upsilon |
|
ϕ |
.phi. |
Phi |
|
φ |
.vphi. |
Phi (variant) |
|
χ |
.chi. |
Chi |
|
ψ |
.psi. |
Psi |
|
ω |
.omega. |
Omega |
Conventions for Representing Symbols in Computer-Readable Files
|
Symbol |
CAS Representation |
Description |
|
Ð |
.angle. |
Angle |
|
Å |
.ANG. |
Angstrom Unit |
|
≜ |
.apprch. |
Approaches |
|
≈ |
.apprxeq. |
Approximately Equal |
|
~ |
.apprx. |
Approximates (similar) |
|
§ |
.bdintg. |
Bounded Integral |
|
□ |
.box. |
Box |
|
• |
.bul. |
Bullet (12 pt. center dot) |
|
¢ |
.cents. |
Cent |
|
× |
.cntdot. |
Center Dot |
|
Ì |
.cntnd. |
Contained in |
|
É |
.cntns. |
Contains |
|
© |
.copyrgt. |
Copyright |
|
Ä |
.crosprd. |
Cross Product |
|
† |
.dag. |
Dagger |
|
- |
- |
Dash/Minus |
|
° |
.degree. |
Degree |
|
Ñ |
.del. |
Del (Nabla) |
|
¸ |
.div. |
Division |
|
⇻ |
.dnreslt. |
Does Not Result in |
|
⇆ |
.dblarw. |
Double Arrow |
|
‡ |
.dbldag. |
Double Dagger |
|
⇋ |
.dblharw. |
Double Half Arrows |
|
‡ |
.++. |
Double Plus |
|
‖ |
.dblvert. |
Double Vertical |
|
¯ |
.dwnarw. |
Down Arrow |
|
→ |
.fwdarw. |
Forward Arrow |
|
↷ |
.fwdcarw. |
Forward Curved Arrow |
|
≥ |
.gtoreq. |
Greater Than or Equal |
|
≳ |
.gtorsim. |
Greater Than or Similar |
|
≡ |
.ident. |
Identity |
|
∞ |
.infin. |
Infinity |
|
∫ |
.intg. |
Integral |
|
Ç |
.intrsec. |
Intersection |
|
◜ |
.ltbbrac. |
Left Broken Bracket |
|
£ |
.ltoreq. |
Less Than or Equal |
|
≲ |
.ltorsim. |
Less Than or Similar |
|
.lbdabar. |
Lambda Bar |
|
|
Î |
.member. |
Member of |
|
∓ |
.-+. |
Minus-Plus |
|
≫ |
.mchgt. |
Much Greater Than |
|
≪ |
.mchlt. |
Much Less Than |
|
Ï |
.notmbr. |
Not a Member of |
|
≠ |
.noteq. |
Not Equal |
|
⊙ |
.sun. |
Of Sun |
|
⠁ |
.ovrhdot. |
Overhead Dot |
|
⁼ |
.ovrhdbr. |
Overhead Double Bar |
|
‰ |
.permill. |
Per Mill |
|
^ |
.perp. |
Perpendicular |
|
h |
.plcnst. |
Planck’s Constant |
|
± |
.+-. |
Plus-Minus |
|
£ |
.pnd. |
Pound Sterling |
|
¢ |
‘ |
Prime/apostrophe |
|
Õ |
.product. |
Product |
|
Ò |
.RTM. |
Registered Trade Mark |
|
← |
.rarw. |
Reverse Arrow |
|
↶ |
.rcarw. |
Reverse Curved Arrow |
|
← |
.rscharw. |
Reverse Surface Chemistry Arrow |
|
◝ |
.rtbbrac. |
Right Broken Bracket |
|
A |
.SCRIPTA. |
Script A |
|
ℬ |
.SCRIPTB. |
Script B |
|
C |
.SCRIPTC. |
Script C |
|
D |
.SCRIPTD. |
Script D |
|
E |
.SCRIPTE. |
Script E |
|
ℱ |
.SCRIPTF. |
Script F |
|
G |
.SCRIPTG. |
Script G |
|
ℌ |
.SCRIPTH. |
Script H |
|
ℒ |
.SCRIPTL. |
Script L |
|
P |
.SCRIPTP. |
Script P |
|
ℜ |
.SCRIPTR. |
Script R |
|
S |
.SCRIPTS. |
Script S |
|
≃ |
.simeq. |
Similar or Equal |
|
√ |
.sqroot. |
Square Root |
|
∑ |
.sum. |
Sum |
|
→ |
.scharw. |
Surface Chemistry Arrow |
|
Å |
.sym. |
Symmetry |
|
« |
.tautm. |
Tautomer |
| ⧧ | .thermod. | Thermodynamics |
|
´ |
.times. |
Times |
|
⁝ |
.tplbond. |
Triple Bond |
|
È |
.union. |
Union |
|
↑ |
.uparw. |
Up Arrow |
|
µ |
.varies. |
Varies |
|
® |
.vector. |
Vector |
|
¯ |
.hivin. |
Vinculum (high) |
|
_ |
.lovin. |
Vinculum (low) |
|
¥ |
.yen. |
Yen |
|
NOTE: Symbols which modify characters (e.g., the vinculum) precede the character (i.e., A becomes .hivin.A). |
||