Executive Summary
Antimicrobial resistance ranks among the World Health Organization's top ten global health threats, with resistant infections projected to cause up to 10 million deaths a year by 2050.
Resistance arises through multiple intrinsic and acquired mechanisms, from altered cell wall permeability and efflux pumps to genetic mutation and enzymatic degradation of drugs.
New antibiotic development lags dangerously behind the pace of resistance, hindered by biofilms, Gram-negative defenses, poor return on investment, and 10 to 15 year timelines.
Alternatives such as bacterial vaccines, antimicrobial peptides, bacteriophages, and stringent response inhibition offer promising routes beyond conventional small-molecule antibiotics.
Advanced material solutions and emerging AI-driven discovery methods hold potential to shorten development timelines and reduce reliance on traditional antibiotics. In August 2205, researchers at MIT reported the invention of antibiotics using generative AI against drug-resistant strains of gonorrhea and Staphylococcus aureus.
Update, May 2026: the FDA approved Zaynich, an antibiotic that resists bacterial adaptation by attacking three bacterial proteins at once rather than one, giving clinicians a treatment option against drug-resistant infections that previously had almost none.
世界卫生组织 (WHO) 将经过适当疗程后仍未被杀死/灭活的微生物定义为具有“耐药性”,而耐药菌的增加是由多种因素造成的。 根据美国疾病控制和预防中心 (CDC) 的数据,每年发生的抗生素耐药菌感染超过 280 万例,导致 35,000 多人死亡。 令人担忧的是,世界银行预测,到 2050 年,死亡人数可能会增加到每年 1,000 万人。
因此,WHO 宣布抗生素耐药性是十大首要健康问题之一,亟需新的解决方案。
抗生素耐药性与多种因素有关
抗生素耐药性可由内在因素和后天因素造成。 内在因素包括细胞壁的渗透性、药物靶点的修饰、外排泵的激活以及抗生素的酶促降解。 后天获得的耐药性是由于细菌基因组中获得了新的遗传物质或发生了突变,通过介导得以存活。

对新型抗菌治疗的需求
抗生素有许多不同的类别。 每种抗生素都是根据其结构和对抗体内细菌的方式来进行分类的。
表 1. 不同类别的抗生素。
尽管有上述成熟的治疗方案,但许多感染正在对现有的抗生素治疗产生耐药性。 随着相关死亡人数预计会逐渐增加,迫切需要重新思考如何应对细菌感染。
新型抗生素面临的挑战
虽然抗生素耐药性的增加与多个方面有关,但与抗生素耐药性的发展速度相比,新型治疗方案的开发速度较慢,由此使得情况更加复杂。
观察有关抗生素耐药性的期刊出版物数量与较低的专利比例,可以明显反映出这一情况(图 2)。 这表明,学术界的研究人员在开发新型抗生素方面发挥着更加重要的作用,而这些努力必须转化为可购买的商业化疗法。

导致抗生素研发面临挑战的因素有很多。 除了微生物可用于抵抗抗生素的许多先天或后天机制(图 1)外,还有一些更广泛的因素导致开发工作困难重重(图 3)。
细菌对抗生素的耐受能力,加上高昂的开发成本和漫长的时间周期(图 3),导致尽管市场迫切需要抗生素,但近几十年来进入市场的抗生素却寥寥无几。
传统抗生素的替代品
将新型抗生素推向市场是一项耗时的挑战(图 3),因此替代品有助于对抗抗生素耐药性。
抗生素的未来
通过材料增强的药物递送方式可以提供局部、长时间且依赖刺激的抗菌活性。 除了传统的药物递送方式外,还有几种实现抗生素递送的方法。 植入物和导管等医疗器械可能是感染源,而使用抗菌材料则有可能防止感染。 同样,在人流量大的表面涂上抗菌涂层也能减少微生物的传播,最大限度地降低清洁需求。
图 4. 可减少抗生素用量的材料和解决方案
人工智能 (AI) 的进步加速了利用算法识别潜在新分子的抗生素药物开发工作。 虽然期刊出版物数量稳步增长,但专利申请量并未相应激增,这表明大多数抗生素人工智能研究仍处于学术阶段(图 5)。

多重性耐药菌的增加对人类健康构成了令人担忧的威胁,因此开发新型抗生素和抗菌材料迫在眉睫。 尽管人工智能的广泛应用仍处于起步阶段,但其有望简化和缩短未来工作的时间周期。 在我们的洞察报告中,您将进一步了解有关人工智能对化学的影响、大型语言模型的兴起以及如何通过各种新方法将生物材料用于治疗领域。
Questions and answers
What is antibiotic resistance?
Antibiotic resistance occurs when a microorganism survives a full course of treatment that would normally kill or inactivate it. The World Health Organization classifies such organisms as resistant, and the problem is escalating rapidly. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reports more than 2.8 million antibiotic-resistant infections each year in addition to over 35,000 associated deaths. The World Health Organization now lists antimicrobial resistance among the top ten global health concerns, making the development of new treatment strategies an urgent scientific priority.
What causes bacteria to become resistant to antibiotics?
Resistance stems from both intrinsic and acquired factors. Intrinsic mechanisms include reduced cell wall permeability that blocks drug entry, modified drug targets that weaken binding, efflux pumps that expel antibiotics before they act, and enzymes that degrade the drug. Acquired resistance develops when bacteria gain new genetic material or undergo mutations in their genome that support survival. These mechanisms can originate from mutations or from resistance plasmids, and they often operate together, which is a central reason antimicrobial resistance is described as a multifactorial and difficult challenge to overcome.
What are the main classes of antibiotics?
Antibiotics span many classes, each defined by its chemical structure and the way it attacks bacteria. Established groups include aminoglycosides, beta-lactams, sulfonamides, amphenicols, polymyxins, tetracyclines, macrolides, pyrimidines, rifamycins, quinolones and fluoroquinolones, streptogramins, lincosamides, pleuromutilins, and oxazolidinones. Familiar examples range from penicillin and streptomycin to tetracycline and linezolid. Despite this diverse arsenal, a growing number of infections no longer respond to existing treatments, which underscores the pressing need to rethink how bacterial infections are tackled.
What are alternatives to conventional antibiotics?
Because bringing new antibiotics to market is slow and costly, researchers are pursuing several alternatives. Stringent response inhibition aims to make dormant persister bacteria more susceptible to treatment. Bacterial vaccines reduce infections and, in turn, antibiotic consumption. Antimicrobial peptides offer broad-spectrum activity, with over 3,000 catalogued. Glycopeptides, lipopeptides, and lipoglycopeptides target Gram-positive bacteria through cell wall or membrane disruption. Bacteriophages, viruses that infect and lyse bacterial cells, provide another route, though challenges such as poor in vivo efficacy in the gut still need to be resolved.









