宽禁带半导体:助力电动汽车、紫外线技术和无线通信的变革

宽禁带半导体:助力电动汽车、紫外线技术和无线通信的变革

Executive Summary

  • 宽禁带和超宽禁带半导体在电气和热性能上优于标准硅半导体,因为其能带间的能量间隔支持高温、高功率的应用。
  • 碳化硅和氮化镓是此类半导体中研究最广泛的材料,其中碳化硅在专利文献中更为常见。
  • 使用宽禁带和超宽禁带半导体的主要器件包括晶体管、发光器件和集成电路/存储器件,这证明了市场对能够应对高强度环境的半导体的需求。
  • 光电子和电力电子是宽禁带和超宽禁带材料的主要应用领域。

半导体应用范围极广,从毫瓦级的移动充电器到吉瓦级的工业系统,从高精度传感器到先进的光电器件,不一而足。几十年来,硅(Si)一直是半导体技术的基石,推动了各行各业无数的创新。然而,随着多个应用领域对性能要求的不断提升,硅的基本材料属性(如相对较小的禁带宽度和有限的热处理能力)已成为其在高电压、高温和高功率应用中的制约因素。

解决方案在于宽禁带(WBG)和超宽禁带(UWBG)半导体。与硅相比,这些先进材料的价带和导带之间的能隙更大,从而释放出卓越的性能特征。这在严苛的高应力环境下带来了诸多性能优势。

[H2]: 什么是宽禁带和超宽禁带半导体?

宽禁带和超宽禁带材料之所以能实现卓越性能,是因为其更宽的禁带源于更强、更短且离子性或共价性更强的键,例如金刚石中的 C–C 键,或 III-N 半导体中的 Al–N 和 Ga–N 键。这使电子局部化并减少了轨道重叠,从而在能带之间产生了巨大的能量间隔。这些坚硬的键合网络通常涉及碳、氮和硼等轻原子,能产生高声子能量和优异的导热性,从而实现高温和高功率运行。  

WBG 材料的禁带宽度通常在 2–4 eV 范围内,明显大于硅(约 1.2 eV)。关键材料包括碳化硅(SiC,约 3.2 eV)和氮化镓(GaN,约 3.4 eV),它们被广泛用于高电压、高温和高频功率及射频(RF)器件中。UWBG 材料的禁带宽度大于 4 eV,性能更进一步,较硅和 WBG 材料有显著提升。这包括氧化镓(β‑ Ga 等材料。2O3)等材料。O3,~4.8 eV)、氮化铝(AlN,~6.2 eV)和立方氮化硼(c‑BN,~6.4 eV)。超宽禁带(UWBG)半导体还在击穿强度、功率密度和极端环境适应能力方面具有显著优势。  

数据驱动的分析有助于我们审视宽禁带(WBG)半导体转型背后的根本驱动力。它还使我们能够探索其在电力电子、光电和传感应用领域带来的变革性影响。通过使用基于选定 CAS 登记号® 和特定应用 CAS 受控词汇构建的聚焦检索策略,我们从 CAS Content Collection™ 中检索到了超过 77,000 篇期刊文章和同族专利,并利用 CAS IP Finder, powered by STNTM进行了分析。  

 Figure 1. Line chart showing publication trends for wide bandgap and ultra-wide bandgap semiconductors from 2016 through early 2026. Both journal articles and patent families trend upward, with a marked acceleration after 2019 and peak activity in 2025; 2026 data is partial. An inset pie or proportion chart shows the overall share of journal articles versus patent families across the period, with patents now outpacing journal publications.

图 1. WBG 和 UWBG 半导体的出版趋势。插图显示了期刊文章和同族专利的比例。*2026 年的数据截至 2 月。来源:CAS Content Collection。

数据表明,WBG 和 UWBG 半导体是一个快速发展且具有商业价值的技术领域,其特点是科研产出加速和商业化趋势强劲。2016 年至 2025 年的出版趋势显示出持续上升的轨迹,在 2019 年后显著加速,并于 2025 年达到峰值:这些明确的信号表明,该领域正从探索性研究转向技术成熟阶段。专利数量超过期刊出版物进一步凸显了这一转变。该行业已不再处于观望状态,而是积极保护知识产权、扩大创新规模,并推动器件向市场集成迈进。

[H2]: 碳化硅和氮化镓在材料领域占据主导地位

图 2(中心图表)显示了各材料类别中期刊和专利的相对贡献,其中期刊出版物在宽禁带(WBG,57%)和超宽禁带(UWBG,43%)材料之间相对平衡,而专利活动则更倾向于宽禁带材料(64% WBG 对 36% UWBG)。这种对比表明,尽管宽禁带材料已转化为商业技术,但超宽禁带材料仍主要处于研究驱动阶段,随着技术成熟度和工业信心的提升,预计未来将实现更广泛的商业化。

Figure 2. Distribution of publications related to wide bandgap and ultra-wide bandgap semiconductors. The center plot shows the overall split, with WBG and UWBG roughly balanced in journals but WBG dominant in patents. Side charts break this out: journals are 57% WBG and 43% UWBG, while patents are 64% WBG and 36% UWBG. For each material class, an inner pie shows journal publications and an outer ring shows patent publications.

图 2: 宽禁带和超宽禁带半导体相关出版物的分布。中心图显示了总体分布,右侧和左侧分别为宽禁带和超宽禁带的独立图表。对于每个图表,内圈饼图对应期刊出版物,外环则表示专利出版物。 来源:CAS Content CollectionTM。

在宽禁带类别中(图 2 右侧),碳化硅和氮化镓占据主导地位,但两者的期刊与专利动态存在显著差异。碳化硅呈现出以专利为主的特征,反映了其在电力电子领域的工业成熟度和广泛的商业化应用。相比之下,氮化镓的期刊与专利比例更为平衡,表明在学术创新活跃的同时,其商业化进程也在不断增长,但集中度相对较低。  

此外, 人工智能和机器学习方法 正越来越多地应用于碳化硅和氮化镓等成熟的宽禁带平台,以支持器件建模、缺陷分析和制造良率优化。与此同时,受修订后的 杂化泛函带隙计算的推动,磷化物宽禁带材料(如磷化铝和磷化镓)的研究兴趣显著回升。 使其在未来的高频和异质结构应用中,能够与传统的 III–V 族半导体并驾齐驱。

在超宽禁带(UWBG)半导体领域,目前的格局以广泛的学术探索为主,AlN、BN、金刚石以及 Ga2O3等新兴材料在期刊发表方面表现活跃。UWBG 材料的专利活动则更为集中,尤其是 AlN,它是该类别中最具商业前景的候选材料。这归功于其热管理特性,能够满足当前的市场需求。  

总的来说,这些模式揭示了一个技术管线:碳化硅和氮化镓处于成熟且可部署的阶段,而 UWBG 材料仍处于研究密集型阶段,但已显现出工业应用的早期迹象,这标志着它们将成为未来极端环境技术的下一个前沿领域。  

[H2]: 器件布局揭示了技术成熟度

为了了解这些材料趋势如何转化为实际的技术应用,我们利用 CAS 索引概念将宽禁带(WBG)和超宽禁带(UWBG)材料映射到特定的器件类别,涵盖从电力电子到射频组件的各个领域。  

Figure 3. Device distribution for wide bandgap and ultra-wide bandgap semiconductor publications, including both journals and patents. Transistor categories such as HEMT, MOSFET, FinFET, MISFET, and HEFT show the highest activity, followed by light-emitting devices including LEDs and semiconductor lasers. Smaller but meaningful clusters cover integrated circuits, memory devices, thermal management, energy storage interfaces, and sensing layers.A pie chart with different colored squares

图 3: 器件分布及各类别中的主要器件。 数据包括代表 WBG 和 UWBG 材料的期刊和专利出版物。来源:CAS Content Collection(缩写:高电子迁移率晶体管:HEMT,薄膜晶体管:TFT,金属氧化物半导体场效应晶体管:MOSFET,鳍式场效应晶体管:FinFET,金属-绝缘体-半导体场效应晶体管:MISFET,异质结构场效应晶体管:HEFT,电致发光器件:ELD,半导体:SC,互补金属氧化物半导体:CMOS,集成电路:IC,金属-绝缘体-半导体:MIS,动态随机存取存储器:DRAM,绝缘体上硅:SOI)。

器件分布凸显了 WBG 和 UWBG 半导体如何集中在那些能够将其电气、热学和光学优势转化为性能增益的功能领域(见图 3)。晶体管技术占据主导地位,因为这些材料所实现的电压处理能力、开关速度和耐热性远超硅材料的极限。这一点在先进晶体管架构(HEMT、FinFET、MISFET 和 HEFT)的活跃研发中得到了体现,这些架构依赖高击穿场和快速载流子传输来实现高效的高功率和高频操作。发光器件构成了下一个主要集群,其中宽带隙允许在宽光谱范围内高效产生光子,从而支持通信、传感和杀菌中使用的 LED、MicroLED 显示器、半导体激光器和紫外线发射器。  

除了这些主流器件系列外,其应用范围还扩展至集成电路 (IC)、存储元件、热管理组件、储能接口和传感层,这表明 WBG/UWBG 材料的稳定性、高场耐受性和化学稳健性使电子设备能够在高温、高压、辐射条件以及超出硅工作范围的腐蚀性环境中可靠运行。

近期的创新成果描述了将非晶碳化硅与纳米硅和烃相相结合,以构建具有压缩性和机械韧性的电极框架,从而抑制体积膨胀并提高循环稳定性和倍率性能。碳化硅和氮化硼在热管理组件中也占据重要地位,特别是在电动汽车电池模块中,其高导热性、电绝缘性和极端的温度稳定性实现了高效的 散热 和稳健的 结构性能。  

Patents show their use in ceramic coatings, vapor-chamber interfaces, and heat-dissipating layers designed to maintain safe, compact battery-pack operation. In gas-sensing applications, WBG/UWBG oxides and nitrides, including AlN, Ga2O3, and GaN, provide chemically stable, high-bandgap barrier layers that support electron-tunneling detection and selective chemisorption. Developments include conformal UWBG coatings over porous sensing films to achieve drift-resistant, high-accuracy miniature gas sensors suitable for harsh environments.

[H2]: Emerging device applications for wide bandgap semiconductors

While the device landscape describes how WBG and UWBG materials are distributed across device categories, examining devices through their average growth rates in recent years (2023-2025) offers a complementary view on research and patent activity.  

The emerging device landscape reveals how WBG and UWBG materials are extending innovation into new regimes that were previously inaccessible (see Figure 4). One striking observation is the association of silicon carbide with femtosecond laser‑related device activity. Although silicon carbide is an indirect bandgap material and not suitable as a traditional laser medium, this link reflects rapid progress in femtosecond laser‑based color‑center engineering, where researchers can now write quantum defects inside silicon carbide with high spatial precision. This is an emerging capability known as quantum defect engineering that is unlocking new quantum photonics and sensing platforms.

Figure 4A. Chart showing emerging devices for wide bandgap materials ranked by average growth rate from 2023 to 2025. Silicon carbide shows strong growth in femtosecond-laser-related and quantum defect device categories, while gallium nitride grows in MESFETs and high-frequency devices linked to fast switching and RF applications.

Figure 4B. Chart showing emerging devices for ultra-wide bandgap materials ranked by average growth rate from 2023 to 2025. Boron nitride rises sharply in IC and gate-related categories tied to dielectrics and 2D FET architectures, while AlN, GaP, and zinc gallate grow in optoelectronic categories spanning UV emission, sensing, and display technologies.

Figure 4: Emerging devices based on average growth rate between 2023-2025 grouped based on (A) WBG and (B) UWBG materials. (Abbreviations: Metal Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistors: MESFET). Source: CAS Content Collection

Another prominent observation is the growing appearance of boron nitride in IC‑ and gate‑related categories. Boron nitride is not an active semiconductor for logic applications. Instead, it is becoming a vital interface engineering and insulating/dielectric material in advanced transistor architectures. Its atomically flat surface, UBG, and chemically inert nature make boron nitride indispensable for 2D FETs, gate dielectrics, barrier layers, and nanoscale IC layouts, which explains its sharp rise in publications tied to ICs and gate structures.

Gallium nitride’s association with MESFETs aligns with its established role as an active semiconductor channel in these devices. Its wide bandgap ensures low leakage and high breakdown voltages, while high electron mobility and saturation velocity support efficient high‑frequency and high‑power operations. These properties make gallium nitride MESFETs well suited for fast switching and radio frequency (RF) applications.

More broadly, gallium nitride and Ga2O3 cluster around high‑power and high‑frequency device categories, reflecting intensifying demand for components capable of operating reliably under extreme thermal and electrical conditions. In contrast, GaP, AlN, and zinc gallate anchor rapidly expanding optoelectronic domains — from UV emission to advanced sensing and display technologies — while AlP appears as a small‑volume but strategically emerging material linked to next‑generation photodetectors, memory devices, and UV sources.  

Overall, the landscape of emerging devices underscores how intrinsic material advantages are steering innovation across power electronics, photonics, and new nanoscale device platforms.

[H2]: How devices translate to applications of wide bandgap semiconductors

We can get a sense of the major application categories for WBG and UWBG semiconductors through the device landscape. By examining overall publication volume and journal‑to‑patent ratios, however, we can identify which fields show stronger commercial pulls and which remain more research‑leaning within the broader innovation spectrum.

Figure 5. Panel A shows application distribution and journal-to-patent ratios for wide bandgap and ultra-wide bandgap materials. Optoelectronics and power electronics are the most publication-dense, with J/P ratios near 1.0. Communication and sensing fall in a midrange of 0.7 to 0.8, while energy storage and conversion show the lowest ratio at about 0.18, indicating a patent-driven profile. Panel B highlights leading commercial patent assignees in optoelectronics and power electronics.

Figure 5: (A) Application distribution and journaltopatent ratios for WBG and UWBG materials in the analyzed dataset. (B) Indepth analysis of highgrowth application areas (optoelectronics and power electronics) highlighting leading commercial patent assignees. Source: CAS Content Collection.

The application landscape shows optoelectronics and power electronics as the most publication‑dense domains, with near‑balanced journal-to-patent (J/P) ratios (≈1.0) reflecting strong academic research supported by active patenting across GaN/AlGaN‑based LEDs, UV emitters, laser architectures, SiC MOSFETs, and GaN HEMTs (see Figure 5A). Communication and sensing applications fall into a mid‑range J/P zone (≈0.7–0.8), indicating steady academic interest with more selective, early‑stage patenting as materials like GaN, AlN, and Ga2O3 enable stable, high‑accuracy RF and gas‑sensing platforms under harsh conditions.  

Energy‑storage and conversion systems show the lowest J/P ratios (≈0.18), pointing to a patent‑driven profile where innovations such as silicon carbide‑reinforced anodes, boron nitride and Ga2O3 interfacial engineering, and diamond‑based electrode architectures are advanced through targeted industrial development despite lower overall publication volumes.

[H3]: Optoelectronics

WBG/UWBG materials now anchor the optoelectronics stack from deep‑UV to near‑IR, with gallium nitride and silicon carbide leading publication volumes and AlN, BN, diamond, and Ga2O3 expanding capability into the UV‑C and harsh‑environment regimes (see Figure 5B). Gallium nitride and AlGaN underpin high‑efficiency LEDs, micro‑LEDs, lasers, and visible‑light communication (VLC), while silicon carbide provides thermally robust substrates and co‑integration pathways for high‑power emitters and RF front‑ends.  

On the ultra-wide-bandgap frontier, AlN and boron nitride (including h-BN) enable solar-blind photodetectors and deep-UV emitters. Diamond contributes extreme thermal conductivity and quantum-photonics functionality, and Ga2O3 pushes power handling and UV detection via its high breakdown field. Around these materials, the patent corpus reveals accelerating progress in epitaxy, polarity control, nanostructuring, surface passivation, and singulation. This kind of process innovation turns lab-scale breakthroughs into scalable devices.  

The device space reflects this: micro-LEDs and quantum-dot color conversion for advanced displays; III-N lasers and VCSEL-class architectures for compact, efficient light sources; and emerging superconducting-semiconducting hybrids for single-photon detection, where WBGs such as silicon carbide are used as substrate to withstand high critical temperature.

This materials trajectory is tightly coupled to industries where leading companies convert WBG/UWBG science into manufacturing-ready platforms. Device makers such as Samsung, Sony, AMS OSRAM, TCL Technology, and Mitsubishi Electric dominate patents in LEDs, micro-LED displays, lasers, and imaging systems. This aligns with the GaN/AlGaN publication dominance and pushes toward finer pixels, higher brightness, and better color conversion. Disco and Applied Materials contribute the enabling infrastructure, such as laser dicing, wafer thinning, bonding, surface treatment, and die-level handling, needed to process brittle, thermally demanding WBG/UWBG wafers at volume.  

Foundries and integrators (e.g., TSMC, Intel) extend the stack with silicon photonics, III‑N RF integration, and back‑end packaging flows, while specialized silicon carbide and gallium nitride materials providers stabilize the substrate and epitaxy supply chain. This creates a self‑reinforcing cycle: advances in materials unlock new device concepts, which in turn drive patents in manufacturability and yield‑critical steps, thereby propelling the industry toward increasingly mature, scalable WBG/UWBG technology platforms.

[H3]: 电力电子

专利布局显示,电力电子生态系统正处于快速成熟期,主要由碳化硅和氮化镓驱动(见图 5B)。碳化硅是其中的核心支柱,拥有大量关于碳化硅半导体器件、外延晶圆技术以及专为电动汽车、工业驱动和铁路电力系统设计的高压模块的专利。其高导热性、宽禁带和击穿强度使碳化硅成为牵引逆变器、车载充电器和高效功率转换电路的首选材料。  

与此同时,氮化镓正越来越多地被集成用于高频和高功率开关,相关专利描述了先进的 HEMT 以及在碳化硅衬底上生长的氮化镓层,以实现更高的功率密度。碳化硅和氮化镓共同构成了现代功率转换的技术骨干,两者相辅相成,不断拓展各自的性能极限。

在各类应用中,交通运输和工业功率转换占据主导地位,近三分之一的专利与电动汽车牵引系统、移动控制和重型自动化相关。功率转换和管理方面的申请更为突出,重点在于降低热阻、先进的氮化铝(AlN)封装以及以可靠性为导向的模块设计。一个持续的主题是,仅靠宽禁带(WBG)材料是不够的,封装、热机械设计和系统级集成必须同步推进。许多专利专注于配套基础设施,包括外延控制、缺陷管理、晶圆减薄、键合以及专业的射频或传感模块。  

[H3]: 传感

在传感应用中,宽禁带/超宽禁带氧化物和氮化物提供了化学性质稳定的高禁带势垒层,支持电子隧穿检测和选择性化学吸附。专注于 先进掺杂和晶格工程 的专利展示了在实现可靠掺杂的氮化镓、氮化铝和氧化镓2O3 材料方面所做的努力,这些材料具有受控的 p 型和 n 型区域,提高了高温压力、气体和化学传感器的灵敏度和稳健性。这些材料的高击穿场和宽禁带支持深紫外光电探测器、射频/微波传感以及极端环境下的传感器电子设备,这与诸如以下项目所强调的更广泛的技术发展目标相一致: DARPA 的 UWBG 计划 旨在开发先进的传感器级氮化铝 (AlN)、立方氮化硼 (c-BN) 和金刚石。

 

[H3]: 通信

氮化镓、氮化铝和碳化硅等材料现已成为 5G、6G、Wi-Fi 6E 及新兴亚太赫兹系统等先进射频通信技术的基石。专利重点关注高效的 射频功率放大器和前端模块,其中氮化镓因其高电子迁移率、击穿强度和卓越的高频性能而备受青睐。关键创新包括氮化镓高电子迁移率晶体管 (HEMT)、片上电压调节的共集成 功率放大器 ,以及专为大规模 多输入多输出 (MIMO)、毫米波 (mmWave) 接入点和卫星终端定制的多频段前端电路。基于氮化铝的薄膜体声波谐振器 (FBAR) 和声表面波 (SAW) 谐振器对于 5G 中频段和 Wi-Fi 共存仍然至关重要,它们利用高声速和高 Q 值材料,在日益提高的频率下实现低损耗和稳定的滤波。

[H3]: 能源存储

能源存储应用的期刊与专利比率最低(约 0.18),表明该领域的发展主要由专利驱动,碳化硅增强阳极、氮化硼界面工程和基于金刚石的电极架构正通过针对性的工业开发不断进步。近期专利描述了将非晶碳化硅与纳米硅结合,以构建机械性能稳健的电极框架,从而抑制体积膨胀并提高循环稳定性。碳化硅和氮化硼在电动汽车电池模块的热管理组件中占据重要地位,其高导热性和极端的温度稳定性能够实现高效的散热。

[H2]: 宽禁带半导体技术的未来

宽禁带(WBG)和超宽禁带(UWBG)半导体的发展轨迹预示着未来十年其性能与商业化进程将持续增长。随着电动交通、可再生能源系统和工业自动化对更高电压耐受性、热稳健性和长期可靠性的需求日益增加,碳化硅有望继续作为高功率转换的基础。与此同时,氮化镓正在快速充电电力电子、射频前端、毫米波系统以及新兴的亚太赫兹通信领域不断扩大其应用版图。  

诸如氮化铝(AlN)、氧化镓(Ga2O3)、氮化硼(BN)和金刚石等超宽禁带材料,有望开启下一个前沿领域:深紫外光子学、极端环境传感、超高压开关以及先进的介电和量子器件界面,特别是在掺杂、外延和缺陷工程等挑战不断被克服的情况下。

在所有材料类别中,决定未来应用的关键因素将是热管理、异构集成和可扩展制造。随着性能越来越依赖于封装、界面工程和模块级协同设计,竞争优势将转向那些能够将材料创新与可靠的大规模制造相结合的企业。  

前景展望表明,宽禁带和超宽禁带半导体将支撑下一代能源、通信、移动和传感技术,成为构建更加电气化、互联化和高频化世界的核心基石。

[CTA]: 订阅 CAS Insights

问答:

Questions and answers

宽禁带和超宽禁带半导体与标准半导体有何不同?

宽禁带半导体由哪些材料构成?

宽禁带和超宽禁带半导体的主要应用领域是什么?

Related CAS Insights

16 billion reasons for hope: How biomarkers are reshaping cancer outcomes

2023 年最具影响力的科学突破和新兴趋势

2024 年值得关注的科学突破新兴趋势

Gain new perspectives for faster progress directly to your inbox.