自20世纪中后期以来,大气中温室气体的浓度不断上升,导致了持续的当代变暖,以至于现在通过任何一天的天气都能检测到气候变化。如今,由于对化石燃料的严重依赖,全球最大的经济体仍在产生大量的二氧化碳2(图1)。

在追求更绿色能源的过程中,锂离子电池和氢燃料电池是两项正处于研究热潮并受到公众日益关注的技术。预计未来十年内,锂离子电池和氢燃料电池行业的规模将分别达到约1170亿美元和2600亿美元。
锂离子电池受到关注的一个关键驱动因素是其在电动汽车以及消费电子产品等领域的爆炸式增长,而氢2作为一种能源和存储介质,其用途涵盖交通运输、建筑能源供应以及可逆系统中的电网长期储能。这两种技术预计都将在电力供应的脱碳过程中发挥关键作用。
As analyses using our CAS Content Collection™ have shown, much of the research over the past decade on lithium-ion batteries and hydrogen fuel cells has focused on solving contemporary challenges and barriers to their use–some of which we will discuss here. If these technologies are to transform our energy use and transition us into a greener future, this research will be critical.
锂离子电池与氢燃料电池:哪种更有前景?
表面上看,人们很容易认为氢燃料电池在交通运输领域可能更有前景,这是这两种技术的关键应用之一,因为与锂离子电池相比,它们具有更高的能量存储密度、更轻的重量和更小的空间需求。氢动力汽车的加注速度也比锂离子电池汽车更快。然而,氢燃料电池并非没有缺点:在氢2的能量封装过程中,估计约有60%的能量损失,这相当于锂离子电池能量损失的三倍左右。
显然,这两种技术都有众多的应用场景,因此直接进行比较非常复杂。此外,这种观点忽略了正在进行的研究,以及这些技术更广泛的成本和收益。通过我们的CAS Content Collection搜索,我们可以深入挖掘表面之下,更深入地了解锂离子电池和氢燃料电池在当今的应用现状以及未来的潜在用途。
锂离子电池应用面临的挑战
锂离子电池的制造和处置一直是政治和环境关注的焦点,其伴随的大量污染以及锂和其他关键资源属于不可再生能源的问题依然非常突出。
随着电动汽车数量的爆炸式增长(以及电池尺寸的增加),加之智能手机和其他消费电子产品中锂离子电池的快速报废,能源浪费和对不可再生资源的依赖正变得日益严重。事实上,预计到2040年,全球销售的所有汽车中将有58%是电动汽车,产生的废弃物总量可能高达800万吨。因此,近期关于锂离子电池的大量研究都集中在如何回收利用上,旨在减少污染并缓解矿产储备的压力。
目前,全球仅有约5%的锂离子电池得到回收,原因在于诸多限制,例如电池材料的经济价值波动、电池设计和材料缺乏技术统一性(以及相关的回收人工成本)、回收设施内部缺乏整合、许多回收效益(包括材料安全、安全性及环境效益)缺乏货币化,以及全球大部分地区缺乏回收法规。
氢燃料电池应用面临的挑战
Although costs of hydrogen fuel cells are significant, largely owing to the use of platinum, the greatest challenge is the difficulty in storing (and transporting) H2. Indeed, the success of H2 as a consumer fuel directly depends on finding robust H2 storage materials and developing a refined, safe system for its transportation.
关键研究趋势:锂离子电池
如前所述,回收利用是锂离子电池研究中的重点领域,因为它有助于解决当前与锂离子电池相关的污染、浪费及矿产资源有限等问题。该领域年度出版物数量的增长率(32%)远超科学出版物整体增长率(每年4%),表明人们对此领域的关注度正在迅速提升(图2)。

令人振奋的是,研究人员已投入大量精力关注此前研究较少的锂离子电池组件(这表明回收管理正向更全面的视角转变),并致力于拆解技术的研究(图3),这在环境层面更具优势,因为它能最大程度地提高可回收材料的利用率。直接回收法,即移除正极材料进行修复并重新用于新电池,也受到了越来越多的关注(图4),且与其他回收方法相比,该方法在能源成本和试剂成本方面可能更具优势。


关键研究趋势:氢燃料电池
There has been a steady increase in the volume of patents in the H2 fuel space since 1997, demonstrating the growing global interest in this technology (Figure 5). Encouragingly, H2 storage has remained the leading topic of interest over the last decade (Figures 6 and 7); the development of a H2 economy is highly dependent on the ability to store and transport the gas, since it is not feasible to establish a supply chain without this capability.



Hydrogen storage is followed by dehydrogenation (Figure 6), which has been established as the second leading area of innovation since 2012. With dehydrogenation methods, it is possible to extract H2 gas from liquid H2 carriers such as ammonia–chemicals for which the storage and transportation infrastructure already exists. Thus, this topic could represent a key solution in efforts to utilize H2 more widely. Ongoing research seeks to increase the efficiency of costly processes such as the Haber-Bosch process, required to extract H2 from its carrier (in the case of an ammonia source), or find more energy-efficient alternatives.
展望未来
通过CAS Content Collection,我们得以深入探究锂离子电池和氢燃料电池这两项关键技术的研究趋势,它们有望助力全球能源转型,共创绿色未来。
Moreover, research appears to be focused on solving key contemporary issues associated with these technologies–in the case of lithium-ion batteries, recycling is undergoing a research boon, while H2 storage remains the principal topic of interest in hydrogen fuel cell work.




